Improving spatial resolution of confocal Raman microscopy by super-resolution image restoration

A new super-resolution image restoration confocal Raman microscopy method (SRIR-RAMAN) is proposed for improving the spatial resolution of confocal Raman microscopy. This method can recover the lost high spatial frequency of the confocal Raman microscopy by using Poisson-MAP super-resolution imaging restoration, thereby improving the spatial resolution of confocal Raman microscopy and realizing its super-resolution imaging. Simulation analyses and experimental results indicate that the spatial resolution of SRIR-RAMAN can be improved by 65% to achieve 200 nm with the same confocal Raman microscopy system. This method can provide a new tool for high spatial resolution micro-probe structure detection in physical chemistry, materials science, biomedical science and other areas

A Linear Network Code Construction for General Integer Connections Based on the Constraint Satisfaction Problem

The problem of finding network codes for general connections is inherently difficult in capacity constrained networks. Resource minimization for general connections with network coding is further complicated. Existing methods for identifying solutions mainly rely on highly restricted classes of network codes, and are almost all centralized. In this paper, we introduce linear network mixing coefficients for code constructions of general connections that generalize random linear network coding (RLNC) for multicast connections. For such code constructions, we pose the problem of cost minimization for the subgraph involved in the coding solution and relate this minimization to a path-based Constraint Satisfaction Problem (CSP) and an edge-based CSP. While CSPs are NP-complete in general, we present a path-based probabilistic distributed algorithm and an edge-based probabilistic distributed algorithm with almost sure convergence in finite time by applying Communication Free Learning (CFL). Our approach allows fairly general coding across flows, guarantees no greater cost than routing, and shows a possible distributed implementation. Numerical results illustrate the performance improvement of our approach over existing methods.Comment: submitted to TON (conference version published at IEEE GLOBECOM 2015

Climate policies under dynamic international economic cycles: a heterogeneous countries DSGE model

In light of increased economic integration and global warming, addressing critical issues such as the role of multilateral climate policies and the strategic interaction of countries in climate negotiations becomes paramount. We thus established for this paper an open economy environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with heterogeneous production sectors, bilateral climate policies, asymmetric economies, and asymmetric stochastic shocks, using China and the EU as case studies in order to analyze the interaction and linking of international carbon markets under dynamic international economic cycles. This led us to some major conclusions. First, with various methods we verified that, due to deadweight loss, the efficiency of the separate carbon market is lower than that of the joint carbon market. Second, the intensity of the spillover effects depends partly on different climate policies. This means that, in terms of supply-side shocks, the EU's economy in a joint carbon market is more sensitive because its cross-border spillover effects are enhanced, while demand-side shocks have a stronger impact on the EU's economy under a separate carbon market. Third, the Ramsey policy rule revealed that both China's and the EU's emission quotas should be adjusted pro-cyclically under separate carbon markets. The cross-border spillover effects of the joint carbon market, however can change the pro-cyclical characteristics of foreign (EU's) optimal quotas

2,4-Dioxo-1-(prop-2-yn­yl)-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C8H6N2O3, the mol­ecules are linked by a pairs of inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The aldehyde group is in the same plane as the pyrimidine ring [with a maximum deviation of 0.083 (2) Å for the O atom), and the linear propargyl group [C—C—C = 178.99 (19)°] makes a dihedral angle of 74.36 (13)° with the ring

Tetra­kis(2,2′-bipyrid­yl)dichlorido­di-μ3-hydroxido-di-μ2-hydroxido-tetra­copper(II) dinitrate hexa­hydrate

The tetra­nuclear copper(II) title complex, [Cu4Cl2(OH)4(C10H8N2)4](NO3)2·6H2O, has a crystallographically imposed centre of symmetry. The metal atoms display a distorted tetragonal-pyramidal coordination geometry, and are linked by two μ 2- and two μ3-hydroxo groups, assuming a chair-like conformation for the Cu4O2 core. In the crystal, the complex mol­ecules are linked into a three-dimensional network by inter­molecular O—H⋯O, O—H⋯Cl, C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking inter­actions with centroid–centroid separations of 3.724 (2) and 3.767 (3) Å

Empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying among adolescents: the mediating role of internet moral judgment and the moderating role of internet self-efficacy

IntroductionCyberbullying poses a significant challenge among adolescents. If bystanders stand up and help victims, their helping behavior may be able to reduce the frequency and negative impact of cyberbullying. This study investigates the association of empathy, internet moral judgment, and internet self-efficacy with bystander helping behavior among adolescents, building upon the empathy-altruism hypothesis, bystander intervention model, and dual-process model of morality.MethodsA sample of 919 Chinese adolescents from 3 schools in Hunan, Jiangxi and Guangdong provinces completed the Basic Empathy Scale, Internet Moral Judgment Questionnaire, Internet Self-Efficacy Questionnaire and Styles of Bystander Intervention Scale. And we constructed a moderated mediation model to examine the relationship between empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying and assessed the mediating role of internet moral judgment and the moderating role of internet self-efficacy.ResultsOur findings revealed a significant positive correlation between empathy and bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying. Internet moral judgment mediated the relationship between empathy and helping behavior, whereas internet self-efficacy moderated the latter half of the mediation pathway. Specifically, the association between internet moral judgment and helping behavior was stronger for bystanders with higher levels of internet self-efficacy compared with those that have lower levels.DiscussionThese results further deepen our understanding of the mechanisms involved in bystander helping behavior in cyberbullying, thus providing a basis for future interventions to encourage more helping actions from bystanders during cyberbullying incidents